D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Determined by the virulence levels observed
D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).According to the virulence levels observed in Round and Round , we chose H.indica (HOM), S.carpocapsae (Sal), S.feltiae (SN), S.kraussei and S.riobrave for additional study in Round .In Round , at d posttreatment, S.feltiae (SN) was the only remedy that brought on a reduction in C.nenuphar survival relative towards the handle at C, and S.feltiae (SN) and S.riobrave were the only remedies that triggered reduce C.nenuphar survival than the control at C (no variations were detected at C) (Table ; Fig).At d posttreatment (in Round) S.feltiae (SN) was the only treatment that decreased C.nenuphar survival compared using the manage at C and C (Table ; Fig).At C all remedies brought on decrease C.nenuphar survival than the manage and no variations had been detected amongst the nematode strains and species (Table ; PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317800 Fig).Assessment of nematode virulence inside the WV (clay loam) soil Differences in virulence have been detected in the WV soil at all three temperatures (Tables ; Figs.).In Journal of Nematology, Volume , Nos September ecember one particular case C.nenuphar survival (at d posttreatment) was higher at C than at C, i.e within the S.riobrave (TP) remedy Round WV soil.DISCUSSION Substantial differences in virulence to C.nenuphar larvae have been observed among nematode species.Equivalent to our study, diverse virulence responses happen to be observed among nematode species and strains in laboratory screening studies targeting other weevil species for instance the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F), (Mannion and Jansson,), Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L), (Shapiro and McCoy,), and the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, (Dolinski et al).Our results indicated that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave and S.rarum (C E) possess especially high levels of virulence mainly because these nematodes distinguished themselves relative to other nematodes within a quantity of comparisons like Round (the “best candidate” assay).These findings are in corroboration with those of ShapiroIlan et al. in that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave also exhibited superior laboratory virulence to C nenuphar larvae within the prior study (S.rarum was not tested within the earlier study).On the other hand, in contrast to the final results of ShapiroIlan et al many species exhibited pathogenicity inside the present but not the former, i.e H.bacteriophora, H.megidis, and S.carpocapsae; the discrepancy is probably as a consequence of the exposure period inside the Solabegron medchemexpress former study being restricted to d (the species had been also not pathogenic at d posttreatment in the present study).The present study expands substantially on preceding laboratory screenings for C.nenuphar virulence.Our study incorporated four previously untested nematode species (H.indica, H.georgiana, S.kraussei, and S.rarum) at the same time as many previously untested strains, e.g H.bacteriophora (Oswego and Vs strains), S.riobrave ( and TP strains), and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).In addition to S.rarum (C E), a number of the other previously untested nematodes exhibited promising levels of virulence and may well warrant further study such as H.indica (HOM strain), H.bacteriophora (Oswego strain), S.kraussei, and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).Temperature affected nematode virulence to C.nenuphar larvae.In the assays that contained independent primary effects (and allowed for statistical evaluation of temperature across remedies), C.nenuphar survival decreased as temperature enhanced.Furthermore, when temperature effects have been analyzed by treatment C.nenuphar survival w.