D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).According to the virulence levels observed
D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Based on the virulence levels observed in Round and Round , we chose H.indica (HOM), S.carpocapsae (Sal), S.feltiae (SN), S.kraussei and S.riobrave for further study in Round .In Round , at d posttreatment, S.feltiae (SN) was the only treatment that triggered a reduction in C.nenuphar survival relative to the handle at C, and S.feltiae (SN) and S.riobrave were the only remedies that brought on reduce C.nenuphar survival than the handle at C (no differences have been detected at C) (Table ; Fig).At d posttreatment (in Round) S.feltiae (SN) was the only therapy that decreased C.nenuphar survival compared using the handle at C and C (Table ; Fig).At C all remedies caused reduced C.nenuphar survival than the handle and no differences had been detected among the nematode strains and species (Table ; PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317800 Fig).Assessment of nematode virulence inside the WV (clay loam) soil Differences in virulence have been detected in the WV soil at all three temperatures (Tables ; Figs.).In Journal of Nematology, Volume , Nos September ecember one case C.nenuphar survival (at d posttreatment) was greater at C than at C, i.e in the S.riobrave (TP) treatment Round WV soil.DISCUSSION Substantial variations in virulence to C.nenuphar larvae had been observed among nematode species.Comparable to our study, diverse virulence responses happen to be observed amongst nematode species and strains in laboratory screening studies targeting other weevil species including the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F), (Mannion and Jansson,), Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L), (Shapiro and McCoy,), plus the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, (Dolinski et al).Our results indicated that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave and S.rarum (C E) possess specifically high levels of virulence simply because these nematodes distinguished themselves relative to other nematodes inside a quantity of comparisons like Round (the “best candidate” assay).These findings are in corroboration with those of ShapiroIlan et al. in that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave also exhibited superior laboratory virulence to C nenuphar larvae within the prior study (S.rarum was not tested in the earlier study).On the other hand, in contrast to the outcomes of ShapiroIlan et al quite a few species exhibited pathogenicity in the present but not the former, i.e H.bacteriophora, H.megidis, and S.carpocapsae; the discrepancy is likely as a consequence of the exposure period within the former study getting restricted to d (the species have been also not pathogenic at d posttreatment inside the present study).The present study expands substantially on prior laboratory screenings for C.nenuphar virulence.Our study integrated four Procyanidin B1 Toll-like Receptor (TLR) previously untested nematode species (H.indica, H.georgiana, S.kraussei, and S.rarum) as well as numerous previously untested strains, e.g H.bacteriophora (Oswego and Vs strains), S.riobrave ( and TP strains), and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).In addition to S.rarum (C E), quite a few the other previously untested nematodes exhibited promising levels of virulence and may well warrant additional study which includes H.indica (HOM strain), H.bacteriophora (Oswego strain), S.kraussei, and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).Temperature affected nematode virulence to C.nenuphar larvae.Within the assays that contained independent primary effects (and permitted for statistical evaluation of temperature across treatment options), C.nenuphar survival decreased as temperature enhanced.Moreover, when temperature effects had been analyzed by remedy C.nenuphar survival w.