Ger (New Haven, CT), D. Lawrence (Boston), D. Lawson (Atlanta), P.D. Leming (Cincinnati), K. Margolin (Seattle), M. Mastrangelo (Philadelphia), B. Mirtsching (Dallas), W. Paroly (San Diego, CA), A.L. Pecora (Hackensack, NJ), D. Pham (Jacksonville, FL), R. Rangineni (St. Joseph, MO), N. Rothschild (West Palm Beach, FL), W.E. Samlowski (Las Vegas), D. Schwartzentruber (Goshen, IN), M. Scola (Morristown, NJ), W.H. Sharfman (Lutherville, MD), J.J. Stephenson (Greenville, SC), N.S. Tchekmedyian (Extended Beach, CA), J. Wade (Decatur, IL), M. Wax (Berkeley Heights, NJ), A. Weeks (Collierville, TN), J.L. Zapas (Baltimore).watermark-text watermark-text watermark-text
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 15029-15058; doi:10.3390/ijmsOPEN ACCESSInternational Journal ofMolecular SciencesISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi/journal/ijms ReviewDNA Methylation and Cancer DiagnosisYannick Delpu 1,2, Pierre Cordelier 1,two, William C.Azoxymethane Epigenetics Cho three and J e Torrisani 1,two,*2Cancer Analysis Center of Toulouse Inserm UMR 1037, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France; E-Mails: yannick.PA-9 web delpu@inserm.PMID:24282960 fr (Y.D.); [email protected] (P.C.) University de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail: williamcscho@gmail* Author to whom correspondence must be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-531-224-112; Fax: +33-561-322-403. Received: 10 May 2013; in revised kind: 28 June 2013 / Accepted: 4 July 2013 / Published: 18 JulyAbstract: DNA methylation can be a key epigenetic modification that may be strongly involved in the physiological manage of genome expression. DNA methylation patterns are largely modified in cancer cells and may hence be made use of to distinguish cancer cells from standard tissues. This critique describes the principle technologies available for the detection and also the discovery of aberrantly methylated DNA patterns. It also presents the unique sources of biological samples suitable for DNA methylation studies. We go over the interest and perspectives around the use of DNA methylation measurements for cancer diagnosis via examples of methylated genes typically documented within the literature. The discussion leads to our consideration for why DNA methylation will not be commonly made use of in clinical practice through an examination from the principal needs that constitute a reliable biomarker. Ultimately, we describe the principle DNA methylation inhibitors presently employed in clinical trials and these that exhibit promising benefits. Key phrases: DNA methylation; biomarkers; cancer diagnosis; DNA methylation inhibitors; clinical trialsInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14 1. Introduction 1.1. DNA Methylation, a Physiological ProcessDevelopmental processes and right biological functions are tightly dependent on hierarchical and regulated gene expression patterns. Various molecular processes manage gene expression. DNA methylation is really a physiological epigenetic approach that leads to long term-repression of gene expression [1]. Like histone modifications, DNA methylation will not influence genomic DNA sequence itself, but adds a methyl (CH3) group on cytosines of CG dinucleotides. This reaction is catalyzed by a DNA methyltransferase enzyme loved ones composed of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b [1]. Briefly, this chemical modification impacts gene expression via two key mechanisms. DNA methylation can directly interfere using the binding of transcription variables that happen to be sensitive to methylated CpG isl.