D David (HOM K 01-162 manufacturer strain) (Tables ).Based on the virulence levels observed
D David (HOM strain) (Tables ).Determined by the virulence levels observed in Round and Round , we chose H.indica (HOM), S.carpocapsae (Sal), S.feltiae (SN), S.kraussei and S.riobrave for further study in Round .In Round , at d posttreatment, S.feltiae (SN) was the only remedy that triggered a reduction in C.nenuphar survival relative towards the control at C, and S.feltiae (SN) and S.riobrave had been the only treatments that caused reduced C.nenuphar survival than the control at C (no differences were detected at C) (Table ; Fig).At d posttreatment (in Round) S.feltiae (SN) was the only therapy that decreased C.nenuphar survival compared together with the manage at C and C (Table ; Fig).At C all therapies triggered reduced C.nenuphar survival than the handle and no differences had been detected amongst the nematode strains and species (Table ; PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317800 Fig).Assessment of nematode virulence inside the WV (clay loam) soil Variations in virulence were detected in the WV soil at all 3 temperatures (Tables ; Figs.).In Journal of Nematology, Volume , Nos September ecember one particular case C.nenuphar survival (at d posttreatment) was greater at C than at C, i.e inside the S.riobrave (TP) remedy Round WV soil.DISCUSSION Substantial differences in virulence to C.nenuphar larvae have been observed among nematode species.Equivalent to our study, diverse virulence responses have already been observed amongst nematode species and strains in laboratory screening research targeting other weevil species like the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F), (Mannion and Jansson,), Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L), (Shapiro and McCoy,), and also the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, (Dolinski et al).Our outcomes indicated that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave and S.rarum (C E) possess particularly high levels of virulence simply because these nematodes distinguished themselves relative to other nematodes inside a quantity of comparisons which includes Round (the “best candidate” assay).These findings are in corroboration with these of ShapiroIlan et al. in that S.feltiae (SN), S.riobrave also exhibited superior laboratory virulence to C nenuphar larvae in the prior study (S.rarum was not tested in the earlier study).Nevertheless, in contrast for the final results of ShapiroIlan et al many species exhibited pathogenicity inside the present but not the former, i.e H.bacteriophora, H.megidis, and S.carpocapsae; the discrepancy is most likely on account of the exposure period inside the former study getting limited to d (the species have been also not pathogenic at d posttreatment in the present study).The present study expands substantially on previous laboratory screenings for C.nenuphar virulence.Our study incorporated 4 previously untested nematode species (H.indica, H.georgiana, S.kraussei, and S.rarum) as well as a variety of previously untested strains, e.g H.bacteriophora (Oswego and Vs strains), S.riobrave ( and TP strains), and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).In addition to S.rarum (C E), a variety of the other previously untested nematodes exhibited promising levels of virulence and may warrant further study like H.indica (HOM strain), H.bacteriophora (Oswego strain), S.kraussei, and S.carpocapsae (Sal strain).Temperature affected nematode virulence to C.nenuphar larvae.Inside the assays that contained independent major effects (and permitted for statistical evaluation of temperature across treatments), C.nenuphar survival decreased as temperature improved.On top of that, when temperature effects were analyzed by remedy C.nenuphar survival w.