Down-regulated MAT mRNA expression [12]. Compared with EPA and ALA, DHA showed extra pronounced effects in down-regulating MAT mRNA expression [12]. Such regulatory impact of n-3 PUFA on expression of those genes may lead to decreased homocysteine concentration. Key strengths of this study consist of a high participation price (91 ) inside a well-defined working population, the usage of a biomarker of dietary fatty acid intake and adjustment for potentially vital confounders like smoking, physical activity, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate. Inside the present population, serum folate levels were significantly linked with both serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA and homocysteine levels, and some statistically considerable associations in a folate-unadjusted model disappeared following adding serum folate to the model, suggesting the value of adjustment for blood folate as a confounder.Glucose oxidase Nevertheless, this study has some limitations. Initially, mainly because of its cross-sectional design and style, we cannot infer causality from our obtaining. Second, we measured serum fatty acid composition and homocysteine only at a single point in time, which may not reflect long-term status. Third, because of close inter-correlations among PUFAs, the observed association to get a distinct fatty acid may possibly reflect its joint effect with other fatty acids on homocysteine.Neuromedin B Fourth, we stored serum samples at -20 till fatty acid measurement. In this condition, there might be selective loss of PUFA as a result of oxidation more than time (30). Fifth, intraassay variation for DHA measurement was reasonably large compared with other fatty acids. This measurement error is possibly non-differential and may possibly have attenuated the DHA homocysteine association. Sixth, despite the fact that we found a statistically considerable association between serum homocysteine levels and DHA, the distinction in mean homocysteine level among the highest and lowest tertiles of DHA was compact (0.63 nmol/mL). It remains elusive whether such a difference is of clinical significance. Seventh, while we’ve got adjusted for known and recommended elements connected with homocysteine levels, we can not exclude a possibility of bias because of other confounders or residual confounding. For instance, we adjusted for dietary vitamin B6 and B12 intakes, but not for their serum levels on account of a lack of those information. The adjustment for blood levels of those vitamins may well supply distinct final results.PMID:23907051 Lastly, the study subjects didn’t represent a random sample of the Japanese population and as a result caution is required in generalizing the present findings.Conclusions Lower serum homocysteine concentrations had been observed among these with greater DHA in serum phospholipids in an apparently healthy Japanese population. This obtaining adds to evidence for any function of DHA in lowering homocysteine concentrations at reasonably higher DHA levels. The protective impact of n-3 PUFA may not be limited to CHD; evidence from observational research help a part of n-3 PUFA against dementia [31], the danger of which enhanced amongst persons with high homocysteine levels [32]. Prospective studies in populations with higher fish consumption are required to clarify whether a greater DHA status at baseline is related having a future decline in blood homocysteine levels and danger of homocysteine-related diseasespeting interests The authors declare that they’ve no competing interests. Authors’ contribution AK analyzed information and drafted the manuscript. KK (Kurotani), NMP, AN, and KK (Kuwahara) helped to analyze da.