Ne decarboxylation, lysine decarboxylation, malonate, and O-nitrophenyl-D-galactopyranoside [12]. In total, 384 Klebsiella isolates were recovered and all isolates were stored at -80 inside a laboratory freezer until use within this study. The presumptive Klebsiella species for up to 5 colonies had been cultured on MacConkey agar (Difco Laboratories) and their DNA was ready using ZymoBIOMICSTM DNA Miniprep Kits (Zymo Research Corp., CA, USA) as outlined by the manufacturer’s protocols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed employing a thermal cycler to determine K. oxytoca, as described elsewhere [13]. The PCR plan included initial denaturation at 95 for three min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 for 30 s, annealing at 55 for 45 s, extension at 72 for 1 min, and a final cycle of amplification at 72 for 7 min.Detection of -lactamase genesEthical review and approval were not necessary for this study because the samples were collected from slaughtered pigs in the slaughterhouses as per normal collection process.Study period and locationThe study was conducted from October 2014 to September 2015. The sampling areas were the slaughterhouses in ten provinces nationwide: Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Lop Buri, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Chon Buri, Roi-Et, and Khon Kaen. Surat Thani, and Songkhla (Figure-1).Bacterial isolates and identificationIsolates carrying -lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaC, and blaSHV) have been detected through multiplex PCR TX-M using a thermal cycler having a PCR system that incorporated initial denaturation at 95 for three min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 for 30 s, annealing at 55 for 30 s, extension at 72 for 1 min, and amplification at 72 for 7 min [14]. The blaCTX-M-harboring K.IL-33 Protein Accession oxytoca was classified into CTX-M groups (blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-5, blaCTX-M-8, blaCTX-M-9, and blaCTX-M-25 groups) making use of multiplex PCR [15].BRD4, Human (His-Flag) PCR amplification was performed making use of a thermal cycler having a PCR plan of denaturation at 94 for 5 min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 for 25 s, annealing at 52 for 40 s, extension at 72 for 50 s, and amplification at 72 for six min.PMID:24103058 PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and qepA) had been determined working with multiplex PCR [16]. PCR amplification was performed making use of a thermal cycler having a PCR system of denaturation at 95 for three min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 for 30 s, annealing at 63 for 90 s, extension at 72 for 90 s, and amplification at 72 for 10 min.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing Detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genesWe followed the procedures for isolation and identification of Klebsiella spp. as described by Phetburom et al. [11]. We recovered 384 isolates of Klebsiella spp. from slaughtered pigs. 4 slaughterhouses had been randomly selected from each province, and 50 carcass surface swab samples were randomly collected from each and every slaughterhouse, which benefits inside a sample size of 2000 swab samples. Working with a single swab for each and every carcass, 400 cm2 of one particular side from the carcass was swabbed. The swab samples had been instantly stored on ice in zip-lock bags and transported for the microbiological laboratory. Isolation and identification of Klebsiella spp. were performed using 10-fold serial dilutions of swab samples achievedVeterinary World, EISSN: 2231-K. oxytoca isolates harboring blaCTX-M, qnrS, or qnrB had been further investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility utilizing the disk diffusion technique in accordance with the 2021 Clinical and Laboratory Requirements Institu.